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Notes on Clinical Skills Review 06 batch 2010 final
Submitted by Kuwait-MD on Fri, 11/06/2010 - 10:04pm.
http://kuwait-md.org:50/files/PAST%20OSCE-OSPE/Clinical%20Skills%20Revie...
Good luck
OSCE OSPE GROUPS THIRD YEAR (FINAL)
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Wed, 09/06/2010 - 9:01am.
THORACIC SURFACE ANATOMY & RELATIONSHIPS
Submitted by Dr.bisho on Sat, 15/05/2010 - 12:56am.
THORACIC SURFACE ANATOMY & RELATIONSHIPS
by O.W. Henson, Jr.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Jugular (suprasternal) notch Lower border of T2
Sternal angle Disc between T4 and T5 (marks position of 2nd costal cartilage)
Xiphisternal junction Disc between T9 and Tl0
Nipple (male) 4th intercostal space near midclavicular line;
lower border of pectoralis major muscle.
Scapula
...a call for help!
Submitted by Kaizuko no Ishanin on Mon, 01/02/2010 - 10:25am.
Hey seniors, need help over here
how did u ppl get to learn the drugs for rtis and anticancer ones, and the pathogens listed in microbiology lects? Post any mneumonics if you have 
thanks 
- 4 comments
- 441 reads
lung cancer
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Mon, 25/01/2010 - 11:26am.
Lung cancer refers to a group of neoplastic growths arising from the epithelium of the air passages or lung. Neoplasia is the word given to the process by which tumours form in animals. These neoplastic growths may be described crudely as benign or malignant depending on their likelihood to invade other structures and spread throughout the body. In this dissertation more time will be spent on malignant cancers, as they are both more common in the lungs, and more clinically important.
There are several types of cancers affecting the lungs, they each have different aetiology (though smoking is a recurring factor in most), pathology, characteristic histological features, treatment regimes and prognosis. Understanding the processes by which these cancers develop and cause harm we can work to reduce the incidence of lung cancers and improve the prognosis of sufferers. Here I look at the major cancers, and those with the greatest clinical impact.
Cancers of the lung mainly affect the bronchi and hence bronchial carcinoma is synonymous with carcinoma of the lung, however peripheral adenocarcinomas are increasing in incidence. Cancers of the lung generally share some common characteristics, these are discussed below and any deviations from this will be noted later under each type.
Carcinomas commonly affect the upper lobes more frequently than lower and the right lung more than the left.1 They often present late, when local invasion and metastases are already present, this has encouraged the development of screening programs in an attempt to diagnose at an earlier stage.
There are two ways that cancers can arise in lungs; they can be new, primary tumours arising in the lungs or metastases from distant sites.
SECONDARY TUMOURS
Virtual Open Heart Surgery
Submitted by M.R.T. on Mon, 21/12/2009 - 9:00pm.
To save right click and save target as...
http://kuwait-md.org/main/files/flash/heart.swf
PNEUMONIA
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Mon, 21/12/2009 - 5:06pm.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hat0_VDQACA
anatomy of the lungs 2
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Mon, 21/12/2009 - 5:01pm.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6x1SYFkt_a4&feature=related
anatomy of the lungs
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Mon, 21/12/2009 - 4:59pm.
heart function
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Sun, 13/12/2009 - 4:23pm.
ANTIANGINAL DRUGS - PHARMACOLOGY LEACTURE - 3rd year - week 1
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Tue, 03/11/2009 - 1:01pm.
http://www.cvpharmacology.com/Angina/antianginal.htm
this site has useful info for pharmacology leacture - wednesday 4 / 11 l 2009 
- 2 comments
- 326 reads
DRUGS USED FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA - PHARMACOLOGY LEACTURE WEEK 1 - 3rd year
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Tue, 03/11/2009 - 12:58pm.
http://www.aafp.org/afp/980501ap/ahmed.html
heyy dof3ty this site has useful info. about management
of dyslipidemia because we have no notes for this week 
pharmacology leacture - thursday 5 / 11 / 2009
Fanconi Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:36pm.
Fanconi is an inherited anemia. It leads to bone marrow failure, which also makes it what is called an aplastic anemia. (See above) Both parents must carry the gene for Fanconi to be passed on to a child, according to MOD. MOD also says that many Fanconi patients develop myelogenous leukemia. (Read about "Leukemia") Older patients also are at high risk of other cancers such as head and neck, gynecological and gastrointestinal. (Read about "Head and Neck Cancers" "Ovarian Cancer" "Cervical Cancer" "Uterine Cancer" "Stomach Cancer" "Colorectal Cancer")
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:33pm.
There used to be a commercial that talked about "iron poor blood." Basically, it was talking about one of the most prevalent forms of anemia, iron deficiency anemia. The body recycles the iron in our bodies and it stores iron in our bone marrow. When a blood cell dies, the iron is reused to make new blood cells. Iron can also be taken from the bone marrow to make new cells. However, we lose iron when we bleed, and if we don't replenish that iron we can have problems. Since the blood needs iron to bind to the oxygen and carry it where it needs to go, not enough iron means not enough oxygen is getting to the cells.
The National Women's Health Information Center (NWHIC) says iron deficiency anemia affects 20 percent of the women of childbearing age in the United States, but only 2 percent of the men. Most women need to ingest more iron than men because of their menstrual periods. They lose a certain amount of blood each and every month. (Read about "Menstrual Disorders") They need to replace that iron. It is recommended that men and postmenopausal women get 10 milligrams of iron a day. Women of childbearing age are supposed to get 15 milligrams and pregnant women 30 milligrams, according to NWHIC, but studies show 90 percent of women do not get enough iron every day.
A number of things can cause iron deficiency anemia according to the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) and NWHIC. They include:
•fad diets that lack needed nutrients
•internal bleeding, usually into the digestive tract, such as an ulcer (Read about "Ulcers" "Gastrointestinal Bleeding")
•poor iron absorption by the body
•not eating enough iron rich foods
Thalassemia / Cooley's Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:32pm.
Thalassemia is another of the inherited anemias. The March of Dimes (MOD) says it strikes people from the eastern Mediterranean basin, southern Asians and Africans. (Read about "Minority Health")
There are two main forms of the disease, alpha and beta. Within each form are subcategories. The most severe alpha form can result in fetal or newborn death.
The beta form also has subcategories. According to MOD they are:
•major or Cooley's
•intermedia
•minor also called trait
Transfusions are the main treatment for Thalassemia, according to MOD.
Hemolytic Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:31pm.
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the red cells of the blood are destroyed prematurely. The American Academy of Pediatrics says this can result from disturbances on the surface of the red cells or other abnormalities either inside or outside the cells. Certain enzyme deficiencies also make red blood cells more prone to premature destruction
Aplastic Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:30pm.
Aplastic anemias, which are rare, occur when the bone marrow is damaged and stops making enough blood cells. The damage can be caused by many things. Some of those causes from the Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation are:
•Genetic: such as Fanconi (See below for more on Fanconi anemia)
•Environmental: such as radiation, chemicals or medications, insecticides and pesticides
•Diseases and conditions: such as viruses, immune diseases and pregnancy (Read about "Microorganisms" "The Immune System" "Healthy Pregnancy")
Severe cases of aplastic anemia are very serious and require immediate treatment. Bone marrow transplants can be necessary. (Read about "Transplants")
Pernicious Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:29pm.
Anemia can also stem from low levels of another B vitamin, B-12. (Read about "Vitamins & Minerals") When the body either doesn't get or can't absorb enough of the vitamin B-12, it can cause pernicious anemia. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) say most of the time pernicious anemia is caused by the lack of a substance called intrinsic factor (IF) in your body. IF is normally found in the stomach, and is needed for your body to absorb and use B-12. NIH says that intramuscular injections of B-12 are needed to treat pernicious anemia. This anemia is considered chronic. It should be carefully monitored by a physician and treatment is needed for a lifetime.
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Thu, 01/10/2009 - 2:28pm.
A deficiency of the B vitamin folic acid can also lead to anemia. (Read about "Vitamins & Minerals") A lack of folic acid or folate in the diet is considered the main culprit when this occurs. Often alcoholics will develop folic acid related anemia when they get malnourished. (Read about "Alcoholism") Pregnant women also have a need for folic acid. (Read about "Pregnancy and Nutrition") Ensuring an adequate amount of folic acid in the diet is important. The Institute of Medicine says folate can be found in orange juice, leafy green vegetables, beans, peanuts, broccoli, asparagus, peas, lentils and wheat germ. Folic acid is also added to certain grain products, such as breads and cereals. And it is available in vitamin supplements. According to the March of Dimes, the body more easily absorbs folic acid from vitamin supplements and fortified foods. A doctor should be consulted before using supplements
Hemoglobin
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Wed, 30/09/2009 - 12:04pm.
Hemoglobin is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red cells of the blood in mammals and other animals. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, such as to the muscles, where it releases the oxygen load.
The name hemoglobin is the concatenation of heme and globin, reflecting the fact that each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein with an embedded heme group. In adult humans, the most common haemoglobin is a tetramer (contains 4 subunit proteins) called haemoglobin A, consisting of two alpha and two beta subunits non-covalently bound. This is denoted as a2b2. The subunits are structurally similar and about the same size.
The heme group consists of an iron atom held in a heterocyclic ring, known as a porphyrin. This iron atom is the site of oxygen binding. The iron atom binds equally to all four nitrogens in the center of the ring, which lie in one plane. Oxygen is then able to bind to the iron centre perpendicular to the plane of the porphyrin ring.
Decreased levels of hemoglobin, with or without an absolute decrease of red blood cells, leads to symptoms of anemia. Anemia has many different causes, although iron deficiency and its resultant iron deficiency anemia are the most common causes in the Western world. Mutations in the gene for the haemoglobin protein result in a group of hereditary diseases termed the hemoglobinopathies, the most common members of which are sickle-cell disease and thalassaemia
RED CELLS MEMBRANE
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Wed, 30/09/2009 - 12:01pm.
http://jgp.rupress.org/cgi/reprint/43/5/1.pdf
THERE IS ALOT IN THE PREVIOUS LINK ... BS THIS IS ETL5EES
http://www.acbd.monash.org/docs/red-cell-membrane.pdf
- 2 comments
- 424 reads
nutritional anemias
Submitted by msh fakra esmee on Wed, 30/09/2009 - 11:55am.
Nutritional anemias are important because they are easily reversed and because their underlying causes, most often unrelated to dietary intake, require individualized assessment. Iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) usually results from iron losses accompanying chronic bleeding, including loss to intestinal parasites, or from gastric disorders or malabsorption in the elderly. Cobalamin-deficiency anemia, the only nutritional anemia with predilection for the elderly, nearly always stems from failure of intrinsic factor (IF)-related absorption. Folate-deficiency anemia, the only nutritional anemia usually caused by poor intake, has nearly disappeared in countries that fortify food with folic acid. Copper-deficiency anemia, which usually results from malabsorptive disorders or from medical or nutritional interventions that provide inadequate copper or excess zinc, is uncommon but increasingly recognized. The prevalences of nutritional anemias, which are not always distinguished from non-anemic deficiency, are uncertain. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) provides an essential diagnostic tool leading to judicious matching of relevant biochemical changes with relevant anemia. Nutritional anemias usually feature abnormal MCV, whereas the predominant anemias in the aged, especially the anemias of chronic disease/chronic inflammation (ACD/ACI), of renal failure, and of unknown causes, are typically normocytic.
- 2 comments
- 275 reads
3rd Year (2007 intake) Blood system Time Table
Submitted by Kuwait-MD on Tue, 22/09/2009 - 5:08pm.
Please find Attached is the time table for Blood system for 3rd year 2007 intake
Thank you
3rd Year (2007 intake) PBL groups for Blood module
Submitted by Kuwait-MD on Tue, 22/09/2009 - 3:59pm.
Noting the fact that the PBL groups were not sent via email to all students, but posted on the Phase II wall at college, we decided to post them here and send emails to students with links to here, so that we will make it easier for them to start the year on a sunday after eid knowing where to go.
Listed below is a table of st. Numbers and PBL group in case groups where not clear on the pictures attached that were taken from a low pixel cam and might not be of high resolution, to which we appologise for .
I hope this will be of benifit.
Blood System Module
|
F |
E |
D |
C |
B |
A |
Group |
|
6 |
5 |
4 |
3
The XRAY showsSubmitted by M.R.T. on Fri, 04/09/2009 - 11:02pm.
The XRAY shows which of the following conditions: A): constrictive pericarditis B): emphysema C): bronchial pneumonia D): cardiac tamponade E): pulmonary edema Answer: A Explaination: Human leukocyte antigen B8 (HLA B8) is associated withSubmitted by Dr.bisho on Thu, 03/09/2009 - 12:57am.
Human leukocyte antigen B8 (HLA B8) is associated with which of the following conditions: A): myasthenia gravis B): dermatitis herpetiformis C): gluten-sensitive enteropathy D): chronic active hepatitis E): all of the above Answer: E Explaination: Which of the following are most numerous cell types in the blood:Submitted by Dr.bisho on Mon, 24/08/2009 - 4:36pm.
Which of the following are most numerous cell types in the blood: A): lymphocytes B): neutrophils C): monocytes D): mast cells E): eosinophils Answer: B Explaination: Major source of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10?Submitted by Dr.bisho on Tue, 18/08/2009 - 8:52pm.
Which cell is a major source of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10? A): Th1 cells B): Th2 cells C): cytotoxic T cells D): macrophages E): N/A Answer: B Explaination: Humoral immunity main cytokines are secreated by humoral immunity main helper/ activator TH2 cells Role of CD3 componentSubmitted by M.R.T. on Mon, 17/08/2009 - 1:37pm.
The role of the CD3 component of the T cell antigen receptor is to: A): bind peptide antigen B): bind MHC class II C): transduce signals D): phosphorylate ZAP-70 E): N/A Answer: C Explaination: Predominant cell types you would expect (2)Submitted by Dr.bisho on Sun, 16/08/2009 - 7:14pm.
For each of the descriptions of immune and inflammatory reactions, select the predominant cell types you would expect to see from the choices provided below. Infection by an organism that cannot be digested by macrophages and which initiates a cell mediated immune response. A): lymphocytes, plasma cells B): neutrophils, macrophages and tissue edema C): T helper cells, activated macrophages, giant cells D): None of the above E): All of the above Answer: C Explaination:  
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